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(THE CONVERSATION) Imagine if the color camera had never been invented and all our images were in black and white. The world would still look beautiful, but incomplete. For thousands of years, that was how humans saw the universe. On Earth, we can only see part of the light that stars emit.

Much of what we can’t see – in the infrared, the ultraviolet, the X-ray and the gamma ray wavelengths – is blocked by the Earth’s atmosphere. For the most part, this is a good thing. The atmosph...